Sunday 17 April 2011

Movable type in the East

Points I have learnt from various sources about Movable type in the East before Gutenberg's time. With lots of conflicting ideas, i wanted to try and make sense of it all and form an opinion.

- The first believed movable type system was made during the Goryeo Dynasty around 1230 in Korea.
- There is another book called the Jikji that is thought to be the first book made from movable type dated from 1377, long before Gutenbergs bible.
- The first successful use of metal type was used in China by Hua Sui in 1490 AD with his bronze type.
- The transistion from wooden movable type to metal movable type was in 1234 in Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty, it is credited to Choe Yun-ui.
- Therer was a set of ritual books, Sangjeong gogeum Yemun printed with movable type in 1234, before Gutenbergs bible it is however Jikji that is the oldest still remaining so has solid evidence backing it up.
- There are examples of this early metal type in the Asian Reading Room of the Library of Congress in Washington D.C.
- The process for making coins at the time was adapted to making metal type. Scholar Seong Hyeon of the Joseon dynasty described the Korean font casting process of 1439-1504:

"At first, one cuts letters in beech wood. One fills a trough level with fine sandy [clay] of the
 reed-growing seashore. Wood-cut letters are pressed into the sand, then the impressions
 become negative and form letters [molds]. At this step, placing one trough together with
 another, one pours the molten bronze down into an opening. The fluid flows in, filling
 these negative molds, one by one becoming type. Lastly, one scrapes and files off the
 irregularities, and piles them up to be arranged."

- King Sejong the Great devised a simplified version of the alphabet with just 24 characters for use of the common people that could have made typecasting and compositing more feasible. However his creation did not get the attention it deserved as koreans were appalled at loosing their Chinese.
- In the early 15th Century however the Koreans created a form of movable type that French scholar   Henri-jean Martin described as "extremely similar to Gutenberg's" Could his invention have been stimulated by that of the East?
- On the other side of the argument there is no evidence to suggest that the easting type invention made it to Europe before Gutenbergs invention.
- Gutenberg also developed the invention with the use of a hand mould and an oil based ink that was more suitable for printing as well as the first Latin typefaces.
- Did he invent movable type and deserve the praise in his own right? or perfect what was already known to him? This is what I want to find out through more extensive research or through forming my own opinion after carrying out multiple research, hearing all sides of the debate.


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